In looking at active judges alone, the gap actually swells to a 37 percentage-point gap. In looking at the combined populations of these five states, one finds that people of color and women comprise approximately 38 percent and 51 percent of the general population, respectively. Compared with this, the demographic makeup of the 4th Circuit Court is remarkedly nondiverse.
For example, whites comprise 83 percent of sitting judges and 80 percent of active judges on the 4th Circuit.
The court includes only two African American judges—comprising 11 percent of sitting judges and 13 percent of active judges—and just one Hispanic judge. There are no Asian American or American Indian judges on the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals, nor are there any judges belonging to more than one race or ethnicity.
And despite making up a majority of the general population, there are just five female judges on the court, comprising 28 percent of all sitting judges and 33 percent of active judges on the bench. For instance, among sitting judges on the 4th Circuit, there is a 21 percentage-point gap between the proportion of people of color within the general population compared with those serving on the circuit court.
In looking only at active judges, the gap narrows slightly to a 18 percentage-point gap. Again, the gap narrows slightly—to approximately 18 percentage points—if one examines active judges alone. In looking at the combined populations of these three states, one finds that people of color and women comprise approximately 55 percent and Compared with its the general population, the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals is the least racially and ethnically diverse circuit court in the country.
For instance, despite making up just 45 percent of the general population, white judges comprise 85 percent of all sitting judges and 81 percent of all active judges on the 5th Circuit Court.
Just two circuit judges are African Americans, comprising 8 percent and Furthermore, the 5th Circuit has just one Asian American judge and one sitting Hispanic judge.
There are no American Indian judges serving on the 5th Circuit, nor are there any judges belonging to more than one race or ethnicity. And despite making up a majority of the general population, female judges comprise only 23 percent of sitting judges and 25 percent of active judges on the 5th Circuit Court. For instance, among sitting judges on the 5th Circuit, there is a 40 percentage-point gap between the proportion of people of color within the general population compared with those serving on the circuit court.
In looking only at active judges, the gap narrows slightly to a 36 percentage-point gap. In examining gender disparities, there is a Again, the gap narrows slightly—to approximately In looking at the combined populations of these four states, one finds that people of color and women comprise approximately 23 percent and 51 percent of the general population, respectively. The 6th Circuit Court is unique in that, compared with their respective share of the general population, African Americans are marginally overrepresented among active judges.
The three African American judges on the bench represent 10 percent and 19 percent of sitting and active judges, respectively. However, there are no Hispanic or American Indian judges serving on the 6th Circuit, nor are there any judges belonging to more than one race or ethnicity. Donald, who is African American. For instance, among sitting judges on the 6th Circuit, there is a 6 percentage-point gap between the proportion of people of color within the general population compared with those serving on the circuit court.
However, in looking only at active judges, people of color are slightly overrepresented on the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals by about 8 percentage points compared with their share of the general population. The gap narrows to approximately In looking at the combined populations of these three states, one finds that people of color and women comprise approximately 30 percent and 51 percent of the general population, respectively. Among all the federal circuit courts, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals is unique in that all of its judges are white.
There are no sitting or active judges of color on the 7th Circuit bench. Moreover, despite making up a majority of the population, female judges make up just 36 percent of sitting judges and These disparities between the judges on the U. For instance, there is a 30 percentage-point gap between the proportion of people of color within the general population compared with judges of color serving on the 7th Circuit Court.
This gap holds true regardless of whether one looks at sitting or active judges on the bench. The gap narrows to approximately 5. In looking at the combined populations of these seven states, one finds that people of color and women comprise approximately 21 percent and For instance, whites comprise 94 percent of sitting judges and 91 percent of active judges on the 8th Circuit Court of Appeals. Smith, who is an African American man.
There are no Asian American, Hispanic, or American Indian judges presiding over the 8th Circuit Court, nor are there any judges belonging to more than one race or ethnicity.
Regarding gender disparities, the 8th Circuit Court of Appeals stands out as an extreme example. Although women make up a majority of the general population, the 8th Circuit has only one female judge, comprising just 6 percent of all sitting judges and 9 percent of active judges on that court.
For instance, among sitting judges on the 8th Circuit, there is a 15 percentage-point gap between the proportion of people of color within the general population compared with those serving on the circuit court.
In looking only at active judges, the gap narrows slightly to an 12 percentage-point gap. The gaps are even more startling regarding gender disparities. Again, the gap narrows slightly—to approximately 41 percentage points—if one examines active judges alone. In looking at the combined populations of these nine states and Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, one finds that people of color and women comprise approximately 53 percent and Unlike its highly diverse general population, judges on the 9th Circuit are surprisingly homogenous in terms of race and ethnicity and gender.
Whites, for instance, comprise Hispanic judges make up 13 percent of sitting judges and 15 percent of active judges on the bench. There are no American Indian judges serving on the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, nor are there any judges belonging to more than one race or ethnicity. And although they make up a majority of the general population, women represent 32 percent of sitting judges and 48 percent of active judges on the 9th Circuit.
One judge is an African American woman, while another is Asian American. Three judges on the 9th Circuit are Latinas. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit and the general populations of those nine states and two territories lead to gaps in demographic representation.
For instance, among sitting judges on the 9th Circuit, there is a In looking only at active judges, the gap narrows to roughly 23 percentage points. Again, the gap narrows to approximately 2 percentage points if one examines active judges alone.
In looking at the combined populations of these six states, one finds that people of color and women comprise approximately 33 percent and 50 percent of the general population, respectively. In comparison, the 10th Circuit Court itself comprises judges who are overwhelmingly white: Whites comprise 91 percent of sitting judges and 83 percent of active judges on the court. The 10th Circuit Court includes only one African American judge and one Hispanic judge, each comprising about 4.
There are no Asian American or American Indian judges on the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals, nor are there any judges belonging to more than one race or ethnicity.
For instance, among sitting judges on the 10th Circuit, there is a 24 percentage-point gap between the proportion of people of color within the general population compared with those serving on the court. In looking only at active judges, the gap narrows slightly to about 16 percentage points. Again, the gap narrows slightly—to approximately 17 percentage points—if one examines active judges alone.
In looking at the combined populations of these three states, one finds that people of color and women comprise approximately 45 percent and 51 percent of the general population, respectively. Census Bureau, African Americans make up roughly The 11th Circuit Court comprises judges who are mostly white: Whites make up 90 percent of sitting judges and 80 percent of active judges on that court. The court includes just one African American judge and one Hispanic judge.
There are no Asian American or American Indian judges on the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals, nor are there any judges belonging to more than one race or ethnicity. Among federal circuit courts, the 11th Circuit has the largest proportion of female judges. Disparities between the U. For instance, among sitting judges on the 11th Circuit, there is a 35 percentage-point gap between the proportion of people of color within the general population compared with those serving on the circuit court.
In looking only at active judges, the gap narrows somewhat to about 25 percentage points. The gap narrows to just 1 percentage point if one examines active judges alone. The D. Circuit handles cases involving federal agencies and disputes between branches of the federal government. Circuit Court is majority white and male. Whites comprise 72 percent of sitting judges or 64 percent of active judges on that court. And although there are two Asian American judges on the court, comprising 11 percent of sitting judges and 18 percent of active judges on the bench, there are no Hispanic or American Indian judges presiding over the D.
Circuit Court of Appeals, nor are there any judges belonging to more than one race or ethnicity. Regarding gender, five of the D.
Two active judges on the D. The Federal Circuit Court has nationwide jurisdiction and primarily handles cases concerning U. The Federal Circuit comprises judges who are overwhelmingly white and male.
Eighty-three percent of sitting judges, and 75 percent of active judges, on the Federal Circuit court are white. There are no African American or American Indian judges serving on the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals, nor are there any judges belonging to more than one race or ethnicity.
Of the female judges serving on the court, just one is a woman of color: Judge Kara Farnandez Stoll, who is Latina. District Courts as of November 18, The previous section examined judges belonging to different demographic groups across the 12 regional courts appeals and Federal circuit. This section focuses on the demographic compositions of the U. District Courts. District Courts handle more cases than nearly any other division of the federal judiciary.
Unfortunately, as is typical across the entire federal judiciary, there are exceptionally few women, people and women of color, and judges who self-identify as LGBTQ on the U. For instance, regarding gender disparities, women comprise only about 27 percent of all sitting district court judges and about 33 percent of active judges. Additionally, when it comes to female representation on the district courts:.
People of color comprise just 21 percent of sitting or 28 percent of active judges on the district courts. More specifically, African Americans make up just 11 percent of all sitting district court judges and approximately Asian American judges make up just 2 percent of all sitting district court judges and 3 percent of all active judges on U. And despite making up an increasingly large share of the U. There are just two American Indian district court judges, only one of whom is active.
Furthermore, district court judges who belong to two or more races or ethnicities account for only about 1 percent of all sitting and active judges on district benches.
In all, more than one-third of all federal district courts comprise entirely white judges and have no judges of color serving on them. Among sitting judges, judges of color make up at least half of the bench on just four of all district courts, or 4 percent. Other startling statistics include the following:. Representation of women of color on district courts is similarly poor.
Women of color comprise only about 7. In fact, the majority—or 60 percent—of all district courts have no women of color sitting or actively serving on them at all. Finally, although judges who self-identify as LGBTQ make up a slightly larger proportion of district court judges compared with their representation on circuit courts, they are still underrepresented compared with their proportion of the general population.
For instance, district court judges who self-identify as LGBTQ make up only about 1 percent of all sitting judges and approximately 2 percent of active judges serving on district courts. There is just one district where judges self-identifying as LGBTQ comprise at least one-third of the bench. The following section examines the demographic composition of district courts by gender, race and ethnicity, and sexual orientation.
In examining the combined compositions of these five district courts, white judges make up approximately 74 percent of sitting judges and 69 percent of active judges. Three of the 5 district courts—Maine, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island—entirely comprise white judges. Across all five districts, there is only one African American judge and one judge belonging to more than one race or ethnicity. Hispanic judges make up a total of 21 percent of all sitting judges and 23 percent of all active judges across the five districts, although they are all confined to a single jurisdiction: The District Court of Puerto Rico.
Among district courts housed under the 1st Circuit, there are no Asian American or American Indian district judges. The District Court of Puerto Rico is entirely distinct among district courts in that it entirely comprises judges of color. Women of color make up 9 percent of sitting judges and 15 percent of active judges across all the five district courts but serve only on the district courts of Massachusetts and Puerto Rico.
In examining the combined compositions of these six district courts, white judges make up approximately 79 percent of sitting judges and 65 percent of active judges. Across all six district courts, there are only three Asian American judges and two judges who belonging to more than one race or ethnicity. There are a total of four Hispanic judges, only three of whom are active. African American judges make up a total of 12 percent of all sitting judges and 18 percent of all active judges across the six district courts.
There is no American Indian judge on any of the six district courts. Regarding gender, female judges comprise 36 percent of sitting judges across all six districts and 51 percent of all active judges. In fact, women make up a full 82 percent of active judges serving on the Eastern District Court of New York.
Moreover, 3 of the 6 district courts include at least one judge who is a woman of color. In all, women of color make up 10 percent of all sitting judges and 18 percent of all active judges across the six district courts. Combined, these six district courts include more judges who self-identify as LGBTQ than any other federal jurisdiction. The following district courts reside within the 3rd Circuit: In examining the combined compositions of these five district courts, white judges make up approximately 80 percent of sitting judges and Two of the 5 district courts—the District Court of Delaware and the Middle District Court of Pennsylvania—entirely comprise white judges.
African Americans comprise 9 percent of all sitting judges and 11 percent of active judges, while Hispanic judges comprise 6 percent of sitting and active judges across all five jurisdictions. There is just one Asian American judge and three judges belonging to more than one race or ethnicity. There are no American Indian district court judges serving within the 3rd Circuit. Women of color make up 8 percent of sitting judges and 13 percent of active judges across all the five district courts.
However, two district courts have no women of color serving on the bench. In examining the combined compositions of these nine district courts, white judges make up approximately 87 percent of sitting judges and 82 percent of active judges. Nearly half of all nine district courts entirely comprise white judges. African Americans comprise 11 percent of all sitting judges and 16 percent of active judges.
There is just one Asian American judge across all nine district courts. There are no Hispanic or American Indian judges serving on any district court within the jurisdiction, nor are there any judges belonging to more than one race or ethnicity. Women of color make up just 6 percent of sitting judges and 8 percent of active judges across all the nine district courts.
However, more than half of the districts have no women of color serving on the bench. In examining the combined compositions of these nine district courts, white judges make up approximately 73 percent of sitting judges and 65 percent of active judges.
African Americans comprise 11 percent of all sitting judges and 14 percent of active judges, while Hispanic judges comprise 16 percent of sitting judges and 20 percent of all active judges across all nine jurisdictions.
The jurisdiction includes just one Asian American judge. There are no American Indian district court judges serving within the 5th Circuit, nor are there any judges belonging to more than one race or ethnicity. Similarly, the majority of active judges on the Southern District Court of Texas are people of color. Regarding gender, female judges comprise only about 24 percent of all sitting judges and 28 percent of active judges across all nine district courts.
Women make up less than one-fifth of judges serving on nearly half of all district courts within the 5th Circuit. In fact, one district court—the Southern District Court of Mississippi—does not include any female judges.
Women of color make up 10 percent of sitting judges and 14 percent of active judges across all the nine district courts. However, four district courts do not have any women of color serving on the bench at all. In examining the combined compositions of these nine district courts, white judges make up approximately 91 percent of sitting judges and 84 percent of active judges. In examining active judges specifically, 4 of the 9 district courts entirely comprise active judges who are white.
African Americans comprise just 10 percent of all sitting judges and 16 percent of active judges. There are no Asian American, Hispanic, or American Indian district court judges serving within the 6th Circuit, nor are there any judges belonging to more than one race or ethnicity. Regarding gender, female judges comprise only about 21 percent of all sitting judges and 30 percent of active judges across all nine district courts. Women of color make up only 4 percent of sitting judges and 7 percent of active judges across all the nine district courts but serve only on the Eastern District Court of Michigan and the Northern District Court of Ohio.
In examining the combined compositions of these seven district courts, white judges make up approximately 81 percent of sitting judges and 75 percent of active judges. Four of the 7 district courts entirely comprise active judges who are white. African Americans comprise 10 percent of all sitting judges and Among all the district courts housed within the 7th Circuit, there are just two sitting Hispanic judges, only one of whom actively serves.
There are no American Indian district court judges serving within the 7th Circuit, nor are there any judges belonging to more than one race or ethnicity. Regarding gender, female judges comprise only about one-third of all sitting judges and 40 percent of active judges across all seven district courts. One district court—the Western District Court of Wisconsin—does not have any women actively serving on the bench.
Conversely, the Southern District Court of Illinois is one of only a handful of district courts nationwide comprising at least majority women.
Women of color make up 10 percent of sitting judges and 15 percent of active judges across all seven district courts. In examining the combined compositions of these 10 district courts, white judges make up approximately 90 percent of sitting judges and 87 percent of active judges.
The majority of district courts housed within the 8th Circuit—6 out of 10 courts—entirely comprise white judges. African Americans comprise 10 percent of all sitting judges and 13 percent of active judges.
There are no Asian American, Hispanic, or American Indian district court judges serving within the 8th Circuit, nor are there any judges belonging to more than one race or ethnicity. Regarding gender, female judges comprise just one-quarter of all sitting judges and 28 percent of active judges across all 10 district courts.
In examining active judges alone, three district courts do not have any actively serving female judges at all. Conversely, the Southern District Court of Iowa is one of only a handful of district courts nationwide comprising majority women, at least among active judges.
There is just one woman of color serving on a district court in the 8th Circuit, specifically on the District Court of Minnesota. The following district courts reside within the 9th Circuit: In examining the combined compositions of these 13 district courts, white judges make up approximately 71 percent of sitting judges and 62 percent of active judges.
Three of the 13 district courts entirely comprise white judges. African Americans comprise about 11 percent of all sitting and active judges on the district courts, while Hispanic judges comprise 9.
Asian Americans make up 7 percent of all sitting judges and There is one American Indian district court judge and two judges belonging to more than one race or ethnicity serving within the 9th Circuit. Similarly, the majority of sitting judges on the Eastern District Court of California are people of color. Regarding gender, female judges comprise roughly one-quarter of all sitting judges and 30 percent of active judges across all 13 district courts.
Two district courts—the District Court of Idaho and Western District Court of Washington—do not have any actively serving female judges. Conversely, the District Court of Nevada is one of only a handful of district courts nationwide comprising majority women, at least among active judges.
Women of color make up 8 percent of sitting judges and 12 percent of active judges across all the 13 district courts.
However, 8 of 13 district courts do not have any women of color serving on the bench at all. In examining the combined compositions of these eight district courts, white judges make up approximately Five of the 8 district courts entirely comprise active judges who are white. African Americans comprise just 5 percent of all sitting judges and 6. There are no Asian American judges serving on district courts within the 10th Circuit, nor are there any judges belonging to more than one race or ethnicity.
Regarding gender, female judges comprise less than one-quarter of all sitting and active judges across all eight district courts. In fact, women do not comprise more than one-third of any district court located within the 10th Circuit.
Women of color make up approximately 10 percent of sitting and active judges across the eight district courts. However, more than half of the eight district courts do not have any women of color actively serving on the bench at all.
In examining the combined compositions of these nine district courts, white judges make up approximately In examining active judges specifically, 3 of the 9 district courts entirely comprise active judges who are white.
African Americans comprise 14 percent of all sitting judges and 17 percent of all active judges on the district courts, while Hispanics comprise 8 percent of sitting judges and 14 percent of all active judges across all nine jurisdictions. Every day hundreds of people across the nation are selected for jury duty and help decide some of these cases.
There are 94 federal judicial districts, including at least one district in each state, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Three territories of the United States—the Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands—have district courts that hear federal cases, including bankruptcy cases.
Bankruptcy Courts Each of the 94 federal judicial districts handles bankruptcy matters, and in almost all districts, bankruptcy cases are filed in the bankruptcy court. Bankruptcy cases cannot be filed in state court. Bankruptcy laws help people who can no longer pay their creditors get a fresh start by liquidating their assets to pay their debts, or by creating a repayment plan.
Bankruptcy laws also protect troubled businesses and provide for orderly distributions to business creditors through reorganization or liquidation. The vast majority of cases are filed under the three main chapters of the Bankruptcy Code, which are Chapter 7, Chapter 11, and Chapter Courts of Special Jurisdiction These include the U.
Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, the U. The Court of International Trade addresses cases involving international trade and customs laws. The U. Court of Federal Claims deals with most claims for money damages against the U.
Federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over bankruptcy cases involving personal, business, or farm bankruptcy. This means a bankruptcy case cannot be filed in state court.
Through the bankruptcy process, individuals or businesses that can no longer pay their creditors may either seek a court-supervised liquidation of their assets, or they may reorganize their financial affairs and work out a plan to pay their debts. Congress created several Article I, or legislative courts, that do not have full judicial power. Judicial power is the authority to be the final decider in all questions of Constitutional law, all questions of federal law and to hear claims at the core of habeas corpus issues.
Article I Courts are:. Main content Court Role and Structure Federal courts hear cases involving the constitutionality of a law, cases involving the laws and treaties of the U. Courts of Appeals There are 13 appellate courts that sit below the U. Bankruptcy Courts Federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over bankruptcy cases involving personal, business, or farm bankruptcy. Article I Courts Congress created several Article I, or legislative courts, that do not have full judicial power.
Article I Courts are: U. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims U. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces U. Tax Court.
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