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This table explains what is transported by the xylem and phloem:. Mature xylem consists of elongated dead cells, arranged end to end to form continuous vessels tubes. Mature xylem vessels:.
Phloem consists of living cells arranged end to end. Unlike xylem, phloem vessels contain cytoplasm, and this goes through holes from one cell to the next. Phloem transports sucrose and amino acids up and down the plant. Tracheids have thick secondary cell walls and are tapered at the ends. It is the thick walls of the tracheids that provide support for the plant and allow it to achieve impressive heights. Tall plants have a selective advantage by being able to reach unfiltered sunlight and disperse their spores or seeds further away, thus expanding their range.
By growing higher than other plants, tall trees cast their shadow on shorter plants and limit competition for water and precious nutrients in the soil. The tracheids do not have end openings like the vessels do, but their ends overlap with each other, with pairs of pits present.
The pit pairs allow water to pass horizontally from cell to cell. Phloem tissue is responsible for translocation, which is the transport of soluble organic substances, for example, sugar. The substances travel along sieve elements, but other types of cells are also present: the companion cells, parenchyma cells, and fibers. The end walls, unlike vessel members in xylem, do not have large openings.
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