The heart of a newborn baby beats between and times a minute about twice that of a normal adult. Babies often sneeze and snort in their sleep to clear their nasal passages. Only later on can babies breathe through their mouth if their nose is blocked. To minimise the problem keep the air in the home as clear and as smoke and dust free as possible. Although babies get some immunity — and protection from infection — from their mothers, they are still very vulnerable to colds.
Keep anyone with a cold away from your baby. Babies have very small stomachs. An 8lb baby can get 3 ounces of milk into its stomach. It is the small size of its stomach that may explain why many babies will occasionally vomit. But always get medical advice if a baby vomits. Because they have small stomachs — the average stomach in the average baby is no bigger than the size of his fist!
Nearly every newborn baby gets wind — and colic — that lasts for the first three months of its life. Newborn babies spend between 15 and 20 hours a day sleeping — in bouts of sleep lasting 20 minutes to 5 hours.
Babies respond well to touch — which stimulates the production of growth-promoting hormones and helps the body become more responsive to these hormones. Babies are often nervous — even fearful — of new foods. To enable your baby to overcome his fears allow him to play with the food a little before eating it.
You may be able to encourage a baby to try a new food by putting a small amount of food on his index finger and then gently guiding his index finger into his mouth. If a baby suddenly starts to refuse a once favourite food it probably means that he is bored with it and would appreciate a little variation in his diet. Babies sometimes need background noise to help them get to sleep the womb is not the quietest place in the world. Because the baby hasn't yet developed the thick cartilage that gives firm shape to an older child's ears, it isn't unusual for newborns to come out with temporarily folded or otherwise misshapen ears.
Small tags of skin or pits shallow holes in the skin on the side of the face just in front of the ear are also common. Usually, these skin tags can be easily removed talk to your doctor.
Because newborns tend to breathe through their noses and their nasal passages are narrow, small amounts of nasal fluid or mucus can cause them to breathe noisily or sound congested even when they don't have a cold or other problem. Talk with your doctor about the use of saltwater nose drops and a bulb syringe to help clear the nasal passages if necessary. Sneezing is also common in newborns. This is a normal reflex and isn't due to an infection, allergies, or other problems.
When your newborn opens his or her mouth to yawn or cry, you may notice some small white spots on the roof of the mouth, usually near the center. These small collections of cells are called Epstein's pearls and, along with fluid-filled cysts sometimes present on the gums, will disappear during the first few weeks. Normally the neck looks short in newborns because it tends to get lost in the chubby cheeks and folds of skin. Because an infant's chest wall is thin, you may easily feel or observe your baby's upper chest move with each heartbeat.
This is normal and isn't a cause for concern. Also, both male and female newborns can have breast enlargement. This is due to the female hormone estrogen passed to the fetus from the mother during pregnancy. You may feel firm, disc-shaped lumps of tissue beneath the nipples and, occasionally, a small amount of milky fluid called "witch's milk" in folklore may be released from the nipples.
The breast enlargement almost always disappears during the first few weeks. Despite what some parents believe, you shouldn't squeeze the breast tissue — it will not make the breasts shrink any faster than they will on their own. Following birth, full-term newborns tend to assume a posture similar to what their position in the cramped uterus had been: arms and legs flexed and held close to their bodies.
The hands are usually tightly closed, and it may be difficult for you to open them up because touching or placing an object in the palms triggers a strong grasp reflex.
Infants' fingernails can be long enough at birth to scratch their skin as they bring their hands to their faces. If this is the case, you can carefully trim your baby's nails with a pair of small scissors. Sometimes parents are concerned about the curved appearance of their newborn's feet and legs. But if you recall the usual position of the fetus in the womb during the final months of pregnancy — hips flexed and knees bent with the legs and feet crossed tightly up against the abdomen — it's no surprise that a newborn's legs and feet tend to curve inward.
You can usually move your newborn's legs and feet into a "walking" position; and this will happen naturally as a baby begins to bear weight, walk, and grow through the first 2 to 3 years of life. It's normal for a baby's abdomen belly to appear somewhat full and rounded. When your baby cries or strains, you may also note that the skin over the central area of the abdomen may protrude between the strips of muscle tissue making up the abdominal wall on either side.
This almost always disappears during the next several months as a baby grows. Many parents are concerned about the appearance and care of their infant's umbilical cord. The cord contains three blood vessels two arteries and a vein encased in a jelly-like substance.
Following delivery, the cord is clamped or tied off before it's cut to separate the infant from the placenta. The umbilical stump is then simply allowed to wither and drop off, which usually happens in about 10 days to 3 weeks. You may be instructed to swab the area with alcohol periodically or wash it with soap and water if the stump becomes dirty or sticky to help prevent infection until the cord falls off and the stump dries up.
The baby's navel area shouldn't be submerged in water during bathing until this occurs. The withering cord will go through color changes, from yellow to brown or black — this is normal. You should consult your baby's doctor if the navel area becomes red or if a foul odor or discharge develops. Umbilical navel hernias are common in newborns, particularly in infants of African heritage. These hernias are generally harmless and aren't painful to the infant.
Most close on their own during the first few years, but a simple surgical procedure can fix the hernia if it doesn't close by itself. Home remedies for umbilical hernias that have been tried through the years, such as strapping and taping coins over the area, should not be attempted. These techniques are ineffective and may result in skin infections or other injuries.
The genitalia sexual organs of both male and female infants may appear relatively large and swollen at birth. It's due to several factors, including exposure to hormones produced by both the mother and the fetus, bruising and swelling of the genital tissues related to birth trauma, and the natural course of development of the genitalia. In girls, the outer lips of the vagina labia majora may appear puffy at birth. The skin of the labia may be either smooth or somewhat wrinkled.
Sometimes, a small piece of pink tissue may protrude between the labia — this is a hymenal tag and it's of no significance; it will eventually recede into the labia as the genitals grow. Due to the effects of maternal hormones, most newborn girls will have a vaginal discharge of mucus and perhaps some blood that lasts for a few days. This "mini-period" is normal menstrual-type bleeding from the infant's uterus that occurs as the estrogen passed to the infant by the mother begins to disappear.
Although it's much more common in boys, swelling in the groin of an infant girl can indicate the presence of an inguinal groin hernia. In boys, the scrotum the sack containing the testicles often looks swollen. This is usually due to a hydrocele , a collection of fluid in the scrotum of infant boys that usually disappears during the first 3 to 6 months.
You should call your doctor about swelling or bulging in your son's scrotum or groin that lasts beyond 3 to 6 months or that seems to come and go. This may indicate an inguinal hernia, which usually requires surgical treatment. The testicles of newborn boys may be difficult to feel in the swollen scrotum.
Muscles attached to the testicles pull them up into the groin briskly when the genital area is touched or exposed to a cool environment.
Infant boys also normally experience frequent penile erections , often just before they urinate. If your baby is delivered in a hospital, nursery personnel will want to know if this happens while your infant is with you.
If a newborn doesn't urinate for what seems like a while at first, it may be that he or she urinated immediately after birth while still in the delivery room. With all the activity going on, that first urination may not have been noticed. If your infant son was circumcised , it usually takes between 7 to 10 days for the penis to heal.
Until it does, the tip may seem raw or yellowish in color. Although this is normal, certain other symptoms are not. Call your child's doctor right away if you notice persistent bleeding, redness around the tip of the penis that gets worse after 3 days, fever , signs of infection such as the presence of pus-filled blisters , and not urinating normally within 6 to 8 hours after the circumcision.
With both circumcised and uncircumcised penises, no cotton swabs, astringents, or any special bath products are needed — simple soap and warm water every time you bathe your baby will do the trick.
No special washing precautions are needed for newly circumcised babies, other than to be gentle, as your baby may have some mild discomfort after the circumcision. If your son has a bandage on his incision, you might need to apply a new one whenever you change his diaper for a day or two after the procedure put petroleum jelly on the bandage so it won't stick to his skin. Doctors often also recommend putting a dab of petroleum jelly on the baby's penis or on the front of the diaper to alleviate any potential discomfort caused by friction against the diaper.
And the same thing with two copies of the narrow version, you end up with a narrow nose. But what if you have one of each? That is where it matters if one version is dominant. If a broad nose is dominant, you will have a broad nose. People who have both versions of a gene but show only the dominant trait are called carriers. It is these carriers that can have kids that lack the dominant trait.
Imagine that your broad-nosed husband carries the narrow nose version of the gene. Remember, everyone gets one copy of most every gene from mom and one from dad. Also, each parent has two copies of most every gene that they can pass on to their kid. An important point here is that the copy that gets passed from a parent to a kid is passed on at random. The picture at the right should help make it clear as well.
As you can see, you and your husband have two possible children at least with regard to nose shape! The two of you could have a child with a broad nose or one with a narrow nose. Looking at the picture you can see that you passed a narrow version n to both your kids. But your husband has two different versions to pass on. He gave your daughter his dominant broad nose version N and she now has a broad nose like him.
The two of you could have had two broad-nosed or two narrow-nosed kids.
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