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Aust J Agric Res. Download references. The authors acknowledge the colleagues at the University of Missouri for their collaboration on this project and Mike Kasten and American Angus Association for providing the herd pedigree information. Lindsay R. Van Eenennaam. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. LRU ran the software, data analysis, and drafted the manuscript.
BPK contributed to the use of the software program, generation of simulation data, study design, and data analysis. MM contributed to the simulation of the new index for use in the software program and to the design of the study. ALV coordinated the study design, data analysis, and drafting of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Alison L. BK derives income from commercial use of MateSel. Other than this, the authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and Permissions. Upperman, L. Management of lethal recessive alleles in beef cattle through the use of mate selection software. Genet Sel Evol 51, 36 Download citation. Received : 09 October Accepted : 18 June Published : 06 August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Research Article Open Access Published: 06 August Management of lethal recessive alleles in beef cattle through the use of mate selection software Lindsay R.
Upperman 1 nAff5 , Brian P. Kinghorn 2 , Michael D. Abstract Background Recessive loss-of-function LOF alleles at genes which are essential for life, can result in early embryonic mortality.
Methods Two beef cattle breeding strategies i. Results With full knowledge of the LOF alleles carried by selection candidates, the most profitable breeding strategy was always simultaneous selection and mate allocation to avoid homozygous affected offspring aa as compared to indiscriminate selection against carrier parents Aa.
Background For commercial beef cow-calf operators, fertility is the most important economic trait among the breeding objectives and outweighs even growth and carcass traits [ 1 , 2 ]. Table 1 Reported allele frequencies for recessive haplotypes in both dairy and beef cattle Full size table. Table 2 Allele frequencies for the three scenarios with different numbers of loci Full size table. Table 3 Genetic parameters with estimated heritabilities on the diagonal in italics and genetic correlations above the diagonal Full size table.
An example frontier response surface involving progeny index and parental coancestry. Full size image. Table 5 Predicted number of homozygous offspring aa with standard errors SE for different percentages of herd genotyped in three scenarios a given two selection strategies b Full size table. Table 9 Genotyping breakeven values for different percentages of herd genotyped in three scenarios a given two selection strategies b Full size table.
Discussion Traditionally, calculations of a selection index do not incorporate the effect of specific alleles that result in embryonic or fetal mortality, since most selection indices assume additive relationships between genotypes, and trait values have a linear relationship with profitability [ 60 ].
Conclusions The most profitable short-term breeding strategy given a perfect knowledge on LOF genotypes was simultaneous selection and mate allocation to avoid the potential for producing homozygous affected offspring compared to indiscriminate selection against carrier parents in the simulations modeled in our study.
Availability of data and materials MateSel is available free for research via matesel. References 1. Article Google Scholar 4. Article Google Scholar 7. Article Google Scholar Google Scholar Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the colleagues at the University of Missouri for their collaboration on this project and Mike Kasten and American Angus Association for providing the herd pedigree information. Author information Author notes Lindsay R. MacNeil Authors Lindsay R.
Upperman View author publications. View author publications. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable.
Consent for publication Not applicable. The Genetic Drift Model. The frequency of the dominant allele in a small population less than individuals is graphed over generations. Genetic drift is change in allele frequencies due to random events. It most strongly effects small populations. Population C has two individuals while Population D has An aa individual in each population dies. The result : allele frequencies change randomly and unpredictably over time.
The model was run five times, always starting with the same allele frequency. The final allele frequency was always different, though sometimes higher and sometimes lower than at the start. The Natural Selection Model I: dominant allele favored. It requires testing all the animals and that is often too costly. Sometimes, e. The approved remaining rams with the desired alleles were highly related to each other and would give rise to a huge increase in inbreeding in later generations.
Thus, as in case of scrapie, the allele frequencies for genetic defects might be rather high. Then the best way is to test all the animals considered for breeding with the genetic marker.
The use of heterozygous carriers is restricted: they are only mated to free animals. A baby born with Tay-Sachs disease begins life normally.
But soon, he or she experiences ongoing deterioration of nerve cells and loss of mental and physical abilities. The allele that causes Tay-Sachs is recessive. For more about Tay-Sachs, follow this link to a Wikipedia article which will open in a new tab. In the larger American population, the frequency is 1 in , births. What will happen if two people who are carriers for the alleles have children?
Each of your parents would have to be a heterozygote Tt. With each child they produced, there would be a one in four chance that this child would inherit two recessive alleles and have the tt genotype.
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